Antibacterial and hemolytic activity of extracts and compounds obtained from epicarps and seeds of Garcinia madruno(Kunth) Hammel / Actividad antimicrobiana y hemolítica de extractos y compuestos obtenidos del epicarpio y las semillas de Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel

This paper describes the evaluation of the antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from seeds and epicarps of Garcinia madruno; as well garcinol, morelloflavone and volkensiflavone isolated from the same species. In the preliminary test of bacterial susceptibility, hexane extracts from seeds and epicarps and the three compounds tested only displayed inhibitory growth effect against Gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of extract and compounds ranging from 86.6 to 1253.4 µg/mL. The hemolytic activity was assessed; however, except for the methanol extract from seeds, none of the samples studied induced hemolysis. Thus, our results suggest that extracts and compounds from G. madruno have the potential to be used in the control of pathologies associated to Gram-positive bacteria. This is the first report of the antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of extracts of different polarity obtained from seeds and epicarps of this edible species.

El presente artículo describe la evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana y hemolítica de los extractos de hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo y metanol, obtenidos de la semilla y el epicarpio de Garcinia madruno; así como de garcinol, morelloflavona y volkensiflavona; aislados de la misma especie. En el ensayo de susceptibilidad bacteriana, tanto el extracto de hexano obtenido a partir de la semilla y el epicarpio, y los tres compuestos aislados, únicamente mostraron actividad inhibitoria del crecimiento contra bacterias Gram-positivas. La concentración mínima inhibitoria presentó valores entre 86.6 y 1253.4 µg/mL. También se estableció la actividad hemolítica; sin embargo, con excepción del extracto metanólico obtenido a partir de las semillas, ninguna de las muestras evaluadas indujo hemólisis. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que los extractos y compuestos de G. madruno tienen el potencial de ser usados en el control de bacterias Gram-positivas asociadas a diversas patologías. Este es el primer reporte de actividad antimicrobiana y hemolítica de extractos de diferente polaridad obtenidos de las semillas y epicarpios de esta especie comestible.

Larvicidal activity of the pericarp extract of Garcinia mangostana against dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Sri Lanka

To assess the larvicidal activity of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) against larval stages of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Methods: A crude extract was prepared in ethanol from powdered mangosteen pericarps. A concentration gradient (0.01-4.92 g/ L) was prepared from the stock solution. Seven batches of 25 third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were used for larval bioassays. Larval mortality rates were observed after one and 24 hours. Cholesterol and total lipid contents in 20 randomly selected dead larvae at each trial were assessed by colorimetric method. The experimental setup was repeated five times. The General Linear Model and Probit analysis were used to evaluate the relationship of mortality with cholesterol level, total lipid level and cholesterol to total lipid ratio. Results: The percentage mortalities significantly varied with different concentrations (F7,32=385.737; P<0.001). The LC50 and LC99 values were (0.041 0.006) g/L and (10.616 1.758) g/ L, respectively after 24 hours. There was no mortality recorded within the one-hour exposure time. Only the cholesterol content (F5,24=173.245; P<0.001) in larvae exposed to different concentrations denoted a significantly decreasing trend within 24- hour exposure. Larvae that were exposed to the lowest concentration (0.55 g/L) showed a higher cholesterol level (22.67 1.33) g. Conclusions: The Garcinia mangostana extract acts as an effective sterol carrier protein inhibitor that inhibits cholesterol uptake in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Hence, it could be explored for use as a key source for the development of an environment-friendly plantbased larvicide.

Effect of the Garcinia kola Seed on Glycemia, Creatininemia and Aminotransferases in Adult Subjects

Background:The administration of extracts of Garcinia kolaseed to experimental rats has a hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effect.Objective:Assess the effect of daily consumption of Garcinia kolaseed on glycemia, creatinine and serum aminotransferases among adult subjects.Methods:We carried out an intervention study based on quasi-experimental approachduring three months i.e. from May 1 to July 30, 2019. A sample consisting of 40 adult subjects (18 men, 22 women) had participated to the study after their written consent and approval by the institutional ethics committee. After the baseline testing which consists of fasting glycemia, creatininemia, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), each subject consumed one Garcinia kolaseed per day during 90 days. Then, every 30 days, the same testing was performed. Glycemia was determined by endpoint colometric method for assaying enzyme using glucose oxidase; creatinine by colometric kinetic assay using the JAFFE reagent; and aminotransferases by UV enzyme kinetics. Student’s t test helped compare the mean values of the parameters determinedat the beginning and at the end of the experiment at the threshold of 5%.Results:The mean values at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were glycemia in g/L (0.81±0.20 vs 0.84±0.14), creatininemia in mg/L (9.36±2.44 vs 8.01±2.15), ALAT in UI/L (27.19±15.77 vs 25.60±12.45) and ASAT in UI/L (28.46±11.52 vs 23.30±8.48). A significant decrease of creatininemia and ASAT was observed (p = .010 and .025 respectively).Conclusion:The consumption of the Garcinia kolaseed has a nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effect.

Chemistry characterization and antioxidant activity of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L, Clusiaceae) cultivated in Colombia / Caracterización química y actividad antioxidante del mangostino (Garcinia mangostana L, Clusiaceae) cultivado en Colombia

The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and inhibitory activities of the ethanolic extracts of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) grown in Montenegro, Quindío, Colombia, in three stages of maturation, including the edible (pulp) and inedible parts (pericarp and peduncle). The alcoholic samples were phytochemically characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR); the antioxidant capacities were also evaluated by the diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical method and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), in addition to the inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and the total content of phenols and flavonoids. The tests detected phytochemical compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones and xanthones, to which the antioxidant activity and the inhibition of AChE presented, can be attributed. In conclusion, the inedible parts of mangosteen contain higher proportions of secondary metabolites, these being the most promising sources for industrial use.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de evaluar las actividades antioxidantes e inhibitoria de acetilcolinesterasa de los extractos etanólicos del mangostino (Garcinia mangostana L.) de Montenegro, Quíndio, Colombia, en tres estados de maduración, incluyendo las partes comestibles (pulpa) y no comestibles (pericarpio y pedúnculo). Las muestras alcohólicas fueron caracterizadas fitoquímicamente por Cromatografía de Capa Delgada (CCD), Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficiencia (HPLC) y Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR); la capacidad antioxidante fue evaluada también por el método de captación del radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH• dejar el radical en superíndice) y la Capacidad de Absorción de Radicales de Oxígeno (ORAC), adicionalmente la actividad inhibitoria de la acetilcolinesterasa (AchE) y el contenido total de fenoles y flavonoides. Se detectaron compuestos fitoquímicos como fenoles, flavonoides, alcaloides, quinonas y xantonas, a quienes se les puede atribuir las actividades antioxidantes y de inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa. En conclusión, las partes no comestibles del mangostino contienen una mayor proporción de metabolitos secundarios, siendo las fuentes más promisorias para uso industrial.

Study on Protective Effects of the Ethanol Extract of Garcinia oblongifolia on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 Cell Inflammatory Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of 70％ ethanol extracts from Garcinia oblongifolia （GOEE）on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and its potential molecular mechanism. METHODS ：GOEE was obtained after the fresh G. oblongifolia epicarp refluxed with 70％ ethanol. The contents of total phenol and total flavonoids were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau assay and UV spectrophotometer. MTT assay was used to detect the cytotoxicity of different doses of GOEE. The inflammatory model was induced in RAW 264.7 cells by lipopolysa- ccharide （LPS）. Using dexamethasone and N-acetyl-L-cysteine as positive control ，Griess assay and 2′，7′-dichloro- fluorescein assay were used to detect the contents of NO in cell culture medium and ROS in cells. The levels of TNF-α，IL-6，and IL- 1β in cell culture medium were measured by ELISA. The protein expression of p 65，p-p65，IκBα，p-IκBα，HO-1 in cells and NRF 2 in nucleus were determined by using Western blotting assay. RESULTS：The contents of total phenol and flavonoids in GOEE were （20.191±1.264）and（12.571±0.020）mg/g，respectively. At the concentration below 500 μ g/mL， GOEE had no significantly effect on survival rate of RAW 264.7 cells（P＞ 294043）0.05）. Compared with control group ，the contents of NO and ROS，the levels of TNF-α，IL-6 and IL- 1β，ratio of p-p 65 top65，ratio of p-IκBα to IκBα，protein expression of NRF 2 were increased significantly in LPS model group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with LPS model group ，the contents of NO（except for GOEE 50 μg/mL group）and ROS ，the levels of TNF-α，IL-6 and IL- 1β，ratio of p-p 65 to p 65 and ratio of p-IκBα to IκBα were decreased significantly in GOEE groups and positive control groups ，while protein expression of HO- 1 and NRF 2 were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS：GOEE attenuates LPS-induced macrophages inflammation injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and the phosphorylation of NF-κB pathway，promoting NRF 2 protein transportation to the nucleus.

Effect of herbal combination of triphala and Garcinia cambogia extracts on liver function test and kidney function test in high fat diet induced obesity in rats

Background: Obesity, a global epidemic, is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus and cardio vascular diseases. Despite advances, the pharmacotherapy for obesity remains limited. Almost all medications for long term management of obesity have health issues. Due to the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with many antiobesity medicines, the clinical trials are focussing on screening herbal medicines for use in the treatment of obesity, which have minimal ADRs.Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups of six each. The rats were first made obese by feeding high fat diet (HFD) for three weeks. Then treatment with the herbal extracts was given simultaneously with the HFD to the experimental groups. Rats were fed HFD for six weeks along with herbal extracts and the effect on their liver function test and kidney function test were evaluated.Results: The rats fed HFD and supplemented with herbal preparations of Triphala and G. cambogia for six weeks, showed significant improvement in liver function test and kidney function test related parameters as compared to the control group rats fed with HFD alone.Conclusions: Triphala and G. cambogia can counter the effects of HFD intake and have the potential for use as anti-obesity agents with desirable liver function test and kidney function test related parameters modulating properties.

Study on Physico-chemical Properties of Kokum Seed (Garcinia indica) Full Fat Flour and Defatted Flour

Kokum (Garcinia Indica)is an ancient fruit of India which is mostly consumed in the form of sarbat. It is mainly found in the western ghats in the state of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. Kokum fruit is widely used in culinary, pharmaceutical, nutraceuticals uses. Kokum has a long history in Ayurvedic medicine as it was traditionally used to cure sores, dermatitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, ear infection and to facilitate digestion. The present study conducted to study Physico-Chemical Properties of Kokum Seed (Garcinia indica) Full Fat Flour and Defatted Flour and it reveals that defatted kokum seed flour is superior in quality in terms of protein, carohydrates, crude fiber and Vitamin B3 contain as compared to kokum seed flour. We can utilise the Kokum seed defatted flour to overcome protein malnutrition problems in developing countries

Effect of Combination Therapy of Garcinia kola Seed and Vitamin E in Acetaminophen Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats

Acetaminophen, used for antipyretic and analgesic purposes has been known to exhibit toxic effects on the organs because of its ability to generate free radicals, causing varieties of diseases. This study investigated the impact of the combined formed ofGarcinia kolaseed and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in Albino Rats. Five groups of animals were used for this study. Group 1 as the control received distilled water orally only, group 2 astoxicity control intoxicated with 800mg acetaminophen intraperitoneally. The other three groups were pretreated with various doses of either Garcinia kolaseed extract or vitamin E or a combined form respectively by oral gavagemethod for 7 days before induction with acetaminophen intraperitoneally on the 8thday and sacrificed under chloroform anaethesia. Acetaminophen induction significantly rise (p<0.05) the hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST, and ALP) and a marked reduction of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX) in group 2 animals when compared with the control. There was also a significant rise (p<0.05) in the MDA levels. Meanwhile the combined form of Garcinia kolaseed extract and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on theorgans showed no synergetic ameliorative potentials as compared with the single pretreatment exposure with Garcinia kola and Vitamin E respectively. The morphology of the tissue cells pretreated with these combined formed exhibited features showing signs of cell damages and slow recovery from the toxicity. Therefore combining Garcinia kola andVitamin E may lost its ameliorative and protective effect as seen in this induced acetaminophen albino rats implying that Garcinia kolaseed and Vitamin E should notbe taken in a combined form.

Effect of herbal combination of triphala and garcinia cambogia extracts on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in high fat diet induced obesity in rats

Background: Obesity, occurring at epidemic rates globally, is a major risk factor for DM and CVD. Despite advances in understanding its pathogenesis, the pharmacotherapy for obesity remains limited for achievable weight loss, safety and tolerability of the medicines. Almost all approved medications for long term use in obesity treatment result in health issues. Due to the ADRs associated with many antiobesity drugs, the drug trials have focused on screening herbal medicines that are reportedly used in the treatment of obesity and which have minimal side effects.Methods: In this study rats were divided into eight groups of six rats each. In the first approach, the rats were first made obese by feeding HFD for three weeks. In the second, treatment with the herbal extracts was given simultaneously with the HFD to the experimental rats. Rat were fed HFD for six weeks along with treatment of herbal extracts and the effect on their body weight, daily food intake and lipid-profile were evaluated.Results: Results showed that rats fed HFD for a six week period, supplemented with herbal preparations of triphala and G. cambogia presented with significant reduction in body weight, energy intake, and improved the lipid-profile as compared to the rats fed with HFD group.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that triphala and G. cambogia can counter the effects of HFD intake and have the potential for use as antiobesity agents with desirable body weight, food intake, fluid intake, and lipid-profile modulating properties.

A comparison of callus induction in 4 Garcinia species

Background: This research is intended to determine suitable types and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to induce callus on stem and leaf sections of 4 species of the genus Garcinia, namely, Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia schomburgkiana, Garcinia cowa, and Garcinia celebica. The base medium was MS medium containing 30 g l -1 sucrose, 0.5 g l-1 polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and 7 g l-1 agar, and for the different treatments, PGRs were added to the medium as follows: thidiazuron (TDZ) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg l-1; 6-(3- hydroxybenzylamino) purine (meta-topolin) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 mg l-1; 4-amino-3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 mg l-1; and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg l-1. The occurrence of callus was observed after 4 weeks. Results: A maximum of 100% and 93% of G. mangostana leaf explants formed callus in the 0.5 mg l-1 and 1 mg l-1 TDZ treatments, respectively, while 100% of G. schomburgkiana stem explants formed callus in the 1 mg l-1 TDZ treatment and 89% of G. schomburgkiana leaf explants formed callus in the 0.5 mg l-1 picloram treatment. The highest callus induction rate for G. cowa was 62% in the 1 mg l-1 TDZ treatment and for G. celebica was 56% in the 0.5 mg l-1•mT-1 treatment. Conclusions: For all 4 species, the greatest amount of large nodular callus was observed in the TDZ treatments. White, friable callus was observed on most of the 2,4-D and picloram treatment groups. Most meta-topolin treatments resulted in minimal callus formation.

Efficacy of adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangosteen) pericarp for bipolar depression: study protocol for a proof-of-concept trial

Objective: Bipolar depression is characterized by neurobiological features including perturbed oxidative biology, reduction in antioxidant levels, and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress markers. Bipolar depression manifests systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in brain growth factors. The depressive phase of the disorder is the most common and responds the least to conventional treatments. Garcinia mangostana Linn, commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit. The pericarp's properties may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and improve neurogenesis, making mangosteen pericarp a promising add-on therapy for bipolar depression. Methods: Participants will receive 24 weeks of either 1,000 mg mangosteen pericarp or placebo per day, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome is change in severity of mood symptoms, measured using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), over the treatment phase. Secondary outcomes include global psychopathology, quality of life, functioning, substance use, cognition, safety, biological data, and cost-effectiveness. A follow-up interview will be conducted 4 weeks post-treatment. Conclusion: The findings of this study may have implications for improving treatment outcomes for those with bipolar disorder and may contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar depression. Clinical trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12616000028404.

Protective Roles of Kolaviron Extract from Garcinia kola Seeds against Isoniazid-induced Kidney Damage in Wistar Rats

Background: Garcinia kola seeds have been observed to be medically important and kolaviron, a bioflavonoid obtained from the seeds was studied for its biological activities. The study investigated the protective effect of kolaviron extract obtained from the seed of Garcinia kola against isoniazid-induced kidney damage. Methodology: Kolaviron was extracted from fresh seeds of Garcinia kola (2 kg) using soxhlet extractor and partitioned with chloroform. Nephrotoxicity was induced in wistar rats by oral administration of isoniazid (20 mg/kg bwt) while kolaviron was administered on wistar rats an hour before isoniazid administration and lasted for 30 days. Protective effect of kolaviron was measured in the plasma of wistar rats by estimating the levels of key metabolites used as kidney biomarkers which are total protein, creatinine, urea and uric acid concentration. Results: The isoniazid-treated group showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in total protein concentration of 3.57 ± 0.12 (mg/dl) while there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in urea, uric acid and creatinine concentrations with values of 70.30 ± 4.77, 55.71 ± 11.15 and 18.04 ± 5.33 (mg/dl) respectively. However, kolaviron-treated group showed a remarkable increase (6.15 ± 0.96) in total protein concentration while urea, uric acid and creatinine concentrations significantly decreased to 45.25 ± 2.29, 35.60 ± 11.01 and 13.28 ± 4.41 (mg/dl) respectively. Conclusion: Kolaviron extract obtained from Garcinia kola seeds exhibited a remarkable protective effect against kidney damage caused by isoniazid by regulating renal biomarkers and preventing toxic affront of isoniazid. Thus, it may be relatively safe when used therapeutically at this dose in the treatment and management of diseases associated with kidney damage.

Antimicrobial wound dressing film utilizing nano-cellulose and gelatin as drug delivery system for Garcinia mangostana L extract

Aims@#Diabetic patients with foot ulcer showed 150-fold increased risk of amputation, which is primarily caused by microbial infection. Silver ions are commonly incorporated into wound dressing to enhance the antimicrobial property. However, concerns have been expressed about the development of bacterial resistance to heavy metals. In this study, we extracted the nano-cellulose from medical cotton and reinforced with gelatin to develop a film for wound dressing. @*Methodology and results@#Garcinia mangostana L pericarp extract was incorporated into the nano-cellulose film as antimicrobial finishing. The efficacy of the developed nano-cellulose film was evaluated on diabetic wound microorganisms. We observed cellulose nano crystals with an average length of 133.71 nm under transmission electron microscope. The developed film showed gradual release of the extract over a period of 48 h and no burst effect was observed. The film exhibited significant inhibitory activity on three Gram positive bacteria, three Gram negative and all filamentous fungi tested. On Hohenstein challenge test, all test microorganisms showed significant growth reduction, with the treatment of the film. We also noticed that the antimicrobial activity of the film sustained even after 20 washes. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Our results indicate that the G. mangostana L pericarp extract loaded nano-cellulose films exhibited significant inhibitory activity on diabetic wound microorganisms. The developed film can be potentially used to prevent foot ulcer infection among diabetic patients.

Antimicrobial activity of Garcinia mangostana L. ethanol extract against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) against Cutibacterium acnes (6 strains) and Staphylococcus aureus (6 strains). The antimicrobial activity of the mangosteen extract was evaluated based on its minimal bactericidal concentration. Cytotoxicity of the mangosteen extract against human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells was determined using the cell counting method. The data showed that the mangosteen extract was not toxic to HEK 293 cells at a concentration of up to 16 µg/mL and killed 87.0% and 99.9% of C. acnes and S. aureus after 10 minutes and 1 hour of treatment, respectively. These results suggest that ethanol extract of mangosteen can be used as an anti-acne agent.

Protocol and Rationale: A 24-week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Mangosteen) Pericarp for Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Garcinia mangostana Linn., commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit with a thick pericarp rind containing bioactive compounds that may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. The biological underpinnings of schizophrenia are believed to involve altered neurotransmission, inflammation, redox systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurogenesis. Mangosteen pericarp contains xanthones which may target these biological pathways and improve symptoms; this is supported by preclinical evidence. Here we outline the protocol for a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp (1,000 mg/day), compared to placebo, in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS: We aim to recruit 150 participants across two sites (Geelong and Brisbane). Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder will be randomized to receive 24 weeks of either adjunctive 1,000 mg/day of mangosteen pericarp or matched placebo, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome measure is mean change in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (total score) over the 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology, clinical global severity and improvement, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, functioning, participants reported overall improvement, substance use, cognition, safety and biological data. A 4-week post treatment interview at week 28 will explore post-discontinuations effects. RESULTS: Ethical and governance approvals were gained and the trial commenced. CONCLUSION: A positive finding in this study has the potential to provide a new adjunctive treatment option for people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It may also lead to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.

Chemical constituents from Garcinia multiflora fruits / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the fruits of Garcinia multiflora. Methods The constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and semipreparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses. Results Six compounds were obtained and identified as multiflorone A (1), sargaol (2), δ-tocotrienol (3), luteolin (4), 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (5), terephthalic acid bis (2-ethyl-hexyl) ester (6). Conclusion Compound 1 is a new homoadamantyl type phloroglucinol, and compounds 2, 3 and 6 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Effects of garcinia acid on proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer cell line / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To investigate the impacts of garcinia acid on the proliferation and invasion abilities of human bladder cancer cell line(BIU-87), and to study the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods The BIU-87 cells were cultured in vitro, and then the cells were divided into control group, low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose garcinia acid groups. The cells in the drug groups were treated with 20, 40, 80μmol/L of garcinia acid for 24, 48, and 72 h, and control group were incubated by normal medium. The inhibition of proliferation of BIU-87 cells was performed using CCK8 assay. The abilities of BIU-87 cell invasion were assessed using Transwell chambers, and the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were analyzed using Western Blot technology.Results Compared with control group, the proliferation inhibitory rates of cells after treatment with low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid for 24, 48, and 72 h were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Moreover, the proliferation inhibitory rates in different drug groups were greatly increased with the time extension. Compared with control group, the number of cells passing through the membrane(26 ± 4, 41 ± 4, 53 ± 5vs.119 ± 7) in low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid group significantly decreased(P<0.05), the expression levels of VEGF (41.2 ± 6.2, 23.8 ± 5.2, 17.9 ± 4.7 vs. 14.8 ± 4.2) in low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid group significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusions The Garcinia acid can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of BIU-87 cells via the down-regulation of VEGF expression.

The Fatty Acid Profile of Oils from Garcinia kola, Tetracarpodium conopodium and Tectona grandis

The fatty acids in the oil of Garcinia kola, Tetracarpodium conopodiumand Tectona grandis were determined using a Perkin Elmer Auto sampler XL gas chromatograph with FID detector and split injector operating at 220ºC. The result showed that Garcina kolacontained saturated fatty acid (15.78%) monounsaturated fatty acid (33.29%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (50.92%). Tetracarpodium conopodiumcontained saturated fatty acid (5.72%) monounsaturated fatty acid (77.31%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (16.96%) tectona grandis contained saturated fatty acid (59.93%), monounsaturated fatty acid (24.08%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid 15.99%. The major fatty acid in Garcinia kolais oleic acid, while the major fatty acid in Tetracarpodium conopodumis paullinic acid and the major fatty acid in Tectona gradisis palmitic acid. In conclusion, the result of the fatty acid profile showed that Tetracarpodium conopodiumand Garcinia kolacontained high percentage of essential fatty acids while Tectona grandis also contained some essential fatty acids. Therefore the seeds oils may be useful in the food, beverages, fine chemical, oil and pharmaceutical industries

Critical vitrification steps towards survival of Garcinia hombroniana (Clusiaceae) shoot tips after cryopreservation / Etapas críticas de vitrificación para la supervivencia de ápices caulinares de Garcinia hombroniana (Clusiaceae) después de crioconservación

Abstract A cryopreservation protocol was developed for in vitro shoot tips of Garcinia hombroniana using the vitrification technique. Four critical steps in the technique were investigated, namely preculture, loading, dehydration with Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2), and unloading. Shoot tips precultured for 48 h gave significantly higher survival (75 %) compared to 24 h preculture (50 %) after cryopreservation. Treatment with 1 M glycerol plus 0.4 M sucrose as a loading solution gave higher survival (45.83 %) compared to the other treatments (0.4 M sucrose + 2 M glycerol; 0.4 M sucrose). Shoot tips dehydrated with PVS2 for 25 min gave the highest survival after immersion in liquid nitrogen. Stepwise PVS2 treatment for 15 min with 50 % PVS2 followed by 10 min with 100 % PVS2 solution improved survival of the shoot tips after cryopreservation (41.67 %). Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.4 M sucrose gave significantly higher survival (66.67 %) than MS with 1.2 M sucrose (25 %) as an unloading solution. Water content was shown to decrease throughout the whole vitrification steps from 6.83 ± 1.66 g g-1 dw for fresh shoot tips down to 2.93 ± 0.28 g g-1 dw after PVS2 treatment. Further study on each step including recovery medium is required to improve the survival. Nevertheless, the present study showed the potential of using the vitrification technique for cryopreservation of G. hombroniana. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1314-1323. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Se desarrolló un protocolo de crioconservación in vitro para ápices caulinares de Garcinia hombroniana mediante la técnica de vitrificación, con cuatro etapas críticas: precultivo, carga de crioprotector, deshidratación con solución de vitrificación vegetal 2 (PVS2), y descarga. Ápices precultivados por 48 h sobrevivieron más (75 %) que los de 24 h (50 %) después de la crioconservación. El tratamiento con glicerol 1 M más sacarosa 0.4 M como solución de carga permitió mayor sobrevivencia (45.83 %) que los otros tratamientos (sacarosa 0.4 M + glicerol 2 M; sacarosa 0.4 M). Los ápices deshidratados con PVS2 por 25 min registraron la mayor sobrevivencia tras inmersión en nitrógeno líquido. El tratamiento gradual por 15 min con solución de PVS2 al 50 %, seguido por 10 min al 100 %, mejoró la sobrevivencia de ápices tras la crioconservación (41.67 %). El medio Murashige-Skoog (MS) con sacarosa 0.4 M produjo una sobrevivencia significativamente mayor (66.67 %) que MS con sacarosa 1.2 M (25 %) como solución de descarga. El contenido de agua disminuyó a lo largo del proceso de vitrificación desde 6.83 ± 1.66 g g-1 peso seco, en ápices frescos, hasta 2.93 ± 0.28 g g-1 peso seco después del tratamiento con PVS2. Se requiere de más investigación sobre cada etapa, incluyendo el medio de recuperación, para mejorar la tasa de sobrevivencia. Sin embargo, este estudio muestra el potencial de la vitrificación para la crioconservación de G. hombroniana.